By: Nasir Jamil
International Human Rights Day, observed every year on December 10, commemorates the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. This global occasion emphasizes the fundamental rights every individual is entitled to, irrespective of race, religion, ethnicity, or nationality. In Pakistan, where unique societal, cultural, and political dynamics shape the landscape, this day provides an opportunity to assess progress, identify persistent challenges, and outline pathways to advance human rights.
Pakistan’s founding in 1947 was deeply tied to the principle of safeguarding rights for Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. However, the vision articulated by the country’s founder, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, extended beyond religious boundaries. In his speech on August 11, 1947, Jinnah called for a nation where all citizens could practice their faith freely and without fear. Despite these aspirations, ensuring equal rights for all has remained an enduring challenge.
The country’s Constitution enshrines fundamental rights, including freedom of speech, equality before the law, and protection from discrimination. Furthermore, Pakistan is a signatory to several international human rights treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Despite this legal foundation, gaps in implementation continue to undermine these commitments.
Pakistan grapples with numerous human rights challenges shaped by socio-political, economic, and cultural factors. Gender inequality and violence against women are among the most pressing issues, with pervasive problems such as honor killings, domestic violence, and forced marriages. Despite legislative efforts like the Anti-Rape Ordinance, weak enforcement and deep-seated societal attitudes hinder progress.
Freedom of speech remains under threat, with journalists and activists facing intimidation, censorship, and even violence. Stringent laws, such as the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, are criticized for stifling dissent under the guise of cybersecurity.
Religious minorities also face systemic discrimination and persecution, often exacerbated by the misuse of blasphemy laws. High-profile cases, such as that of Asia Bibi, highlight the precarious position of minorities. Forced conversions, particularly of young girls from Hindu and Christian communities, remain a grave concern, with limited progress on proposed legislative protections.
Children’s rights are another critical area, with millions out of school and many engaged in hazardous labor. Despite laws addressing child protection, enforcement remains inadequate. Similarly, workers in informal sectors endure exploitative conditions, reflecting broader economic disparities. Persons with disabilities face significant challenges due to stigma, lack of accessibility, and insufficient policy implementation.
Amid these challenges, there have been positive developments. The establishment of the National Commission for Human Rights and the inclusion of human rights education in schools signal progress. Grassroots movements, such as the Aurat March, and organizations like the Edhi Foundation continue to play vital roles in advocacy and service delivery.
Civil society remains a cornerstone of human rights advancement in Pakistan, often addressing gaps left by the state. However, these organizations face regulatory hurdles and funding constraints. International collaboration, including support from global human rights organizations, is essential for bolstering these efforts.
Looking ahead, Pakistan must strengthen its legal frameworks, promote human rights education, and empower marginalized groups. Ensuring accountability through robust institutions and leveraging technology for awareness and documentation are crucial steps forward.
As Pakistan reflects on its human rights record, International Human Rights Day serves as both a reminder and a call to action. The nation’s journey toward social justice must be guided by the principles of dignity, equality, and inclusivity, ensuring that every citizen enjoys the rights promised by the Constitution and international law.
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