By: Imran Shoukat
Climate change is a global crisis with varying impacts across different regions. In Pakistan, the consequences are particularly severe, posing significant challenges to the environment, economy, and population. As Pakistan contends with rising temperatures, changing weather patterns, and increased natural disasters, understanding and mitigating these effects is crucial.
Pakistan’s average temperature is steadily increasing, leading to more frequent and intense heat waves. Cities like Karachi and Lahore have recorded temperatures that endanger millions of people. Prolonged exposure to extreme heat can cause heat stroke and other health problems, especially in vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and those with underlying medical conditions. The agricultural sector, vital to Pakistan’s economy, also suffers as excessive heat damages crops, leading to lower yields and food insecurity.
Climate change has disrupted traditional weather patterns in Pakistan, causing unpredictable rainfall and extreme weather events. The monsoon season, crucial for the country’s water supply and agriculture, has become increasingly erratic. Some years bring devastating floods, while others face severe drought. For instance, the 2010 floods affected about 20 million people and caused billions of dollars in damage. Conversely, droughts in regions like Sindh and Balochistan have led to water shortages, impacting agriculture and daily life.
Pakistan’s mountainous regions, including the Himalayas and the Karakoram, are home to some of the world’s largest glaciers. These glaciers are melting rapidly due to global warming, threatening the livelihoods of millions who depend on glacier meltwater. The Indus River, essential for Pakistan’s agriculture, drinking water, and hydropower production, is particularly vulnerable. Reduced glacier flow, combined with erratic rainfall patterns, is exacerbating water scarcity.
Natural disasters in Pakistan have become more frequent and intense due to climate change. Floods, landslides, and cyclones are causing significant loss of life, displacement, and economic hardship. Coastal regions, especially in Sindh and Balochistan, are increasingly vulnerable to cyclones and sea level rise, threatening the lives and livelihoods of coastal communities.
The socio-economic impact of climate change in Pakistan is profound. Agriculture, employing a significant portion of the population, is severely affected by changing weather conditions, leading to reduced incomes and food insecurity. Water scarcity is fueling conflicts over natural resources, particularly in rural areas. Health problems related to extreme weather and environmental degradation are straining the country’s healthcare system. Additionally, urban areas are struggling to cope with the influx of climate refugees displaced by natural disasters and environmental degradation.
Recognizing the urgent need to address climate change, Pakistan has launched several initiatives to mitigate its impact and adapt to new realities. The government’s Billion Tree Tsunami and Ten Billion Tree Tsunami projects aim to combat deforestation and promote reforestation, increasing forest cover and sequestering carbon dioxide. Efforts are also underway to improve water supply through dam and reservoir construction and the promotion of efficient irrigation practices.
On the policy front, Pakistan has developed a National Climate Change Policy and a Climate Change Policy Implementation Framework to guide action at both national and local levels. These policies focus on disaster risk reduction, water management, and renewable energy development. Pakistan is also seeking international cooperation and funding to support these efforts, participating in global climate forums and requesting financial assistance from international organizations.
Climate change poses an existential threat to Pakistan, profoundly affecting its environment, economy, and population. While the challenges are immense, opportunities for innovation and sustainability exist. By adopting a comprehensive approach that includes mitigation, adaptation, and international cooperation, Pakistan can address the effects of climate change and work towards a resilient and sustainable future. The time to act is now, for the sake of current and future generations.
The writer has navigated numerous contentious situations concerning climate change. He can be reached on X @imranSh93017027